Tuesday 9 October 2012

Jodid Draselný a sodný




Jodid Draselný a sodný may be available in the countries listed below.


Ingredient matches for Jodid Draselný a sodný



Potassium Iodide

Potassium Iodide is reported as an ingredient of Jodid Draselný a sodný in the following countries:


  • Slovakia

Sodium Iodide

Sodium Iodide is reported as an ingredient of Jodid Draselný a sodný in the following countries:


  • Slovakia

International Drug Name Search

Wednesday 3 October 2012

Mag-Caps


Pronunciation: mag-NEE-zee-um OX-ide
Generic Name: Magnesium Oxide
Brand Name: Examples include Mag-Ox and Uro-Mag


Mag-Caps is used for:

Treating acid indigestion, heartburn, sour stomach, and low magnesium levels in the body. It also may be used for other conditions as determined by your doctor.


Mag-Caps is an essential mineral. It works by adding magnesium to your body if your magnesium levels are low. As an antacid, it works by neutralizing stomach acid.


Do NOT use Mag-Caps if:


  • you are allergic to any ingredient in Mag-Caps

Contact your doctor or health care provider right away if any of these apply to you.



Before using Mag-Caps:


Some medical conditions may interact with Mag-Caps. Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you have any medical conditions, especially if any of the following apply to you:


  • if you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding

  • if you are taking any prescription or nonprescription medicine, herbal preparation, or dietary supplement

  • if you have allergies to medicines, foods, or other substances

  • if you have appendicitis, diarrhea, a blockage of your intestines, heart problems, or kidney problems

Some MEDICINES MAY INTERACT with Mag-Caps. Tell your health care provider if you are taking any other medicines, especially any of the following:


  • Anticoagulants (eg, warfarin) because the risk of their side effects may be increased by Mag-Caps

  • Penicillamine because its effectiveness may be decreased by Mag-Caps

This may not be a complete list of all interactions that may occur. Ask your health care provider if Mag-Caps may interact with other medicines that you take. Check with your health care provider before you start, stop, or change the dose of any medicine.


How to use Mag-Caps:


Use Mag-Caps as directed by your doctor. Check the label on the medicine for exact dosing instructions.


  • Take Mag-Caps by mouth with food.

  • If you also take a bisphosphonate (eg, alendronic acid), digoxin, a quinolone (eg, ciprofloxacin), or a tetracycline (eg, doxycycline), do not take them within 2 to 4 hours before or after taking Mag-Caps. Check with your doctor if you have questions.

  • If you miss a dose of Mag-Caps and are using it regularly, take it as soon as possible. If it is almost time for the next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not take 2 doses at once.

Ask your health care provider any questions you may have about how to use Mag-Caps.



Important safety information:


  • Do not take more than 2 tablets in a 24-hour period or use for more than 2 weeks without checking with your health care provider.

  • If you are taking Mag-Caps for relief of acid indigestion, heartburn, or sour stomach and your symptoms do not improve within 2 weeks, if they become worse, or if you experience black, tarry stools or vomit that looks like coffee grounds, check with your doctor.

  • Lab tests, including magnesium levels, may be performed while you use Mag-Caps. These tests may be used to monitor your condition or check for side effects. Be sure to keep all doctor and lab appointments.

  • Mag-Caps should not be used in CHILDREN younger than 6 years old; safety and effectiveness in these children have not been confirmed.

  • PREGNANCY and BREAST-FEEDING: If you become pregnant, contact your doctor. You will need to discuss the benefits and risks of using Mag-Caps while you are pregnant. It is not known if Mag-Caps is found in breast milk. If you are or will be breast-feeding while you use Mag-Caps, check with your doctor. Discuss any possible risks to your baby.


Possible side effects of Mag-Caps:


All medicines may cause side effects, but many people have no, or minor, side effects. Check with your doctor if any of these most COMMON side effects persist or become bothersome:



Diarrhea.



Seek medical attention right away if any of these SEVERE side effects occur:

Severe allergic reactions (rash; hives; itching; difficulty breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue); black, tarry stools; nausea; slow reflexes; vomit that looks like coffee grounds.



This is not a complete list of all side effects that may occur. If you have questions about side effects, contact your health care provider. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. To report side effects to the appropriate agency, please read the Guide to Reporting Problems to FDA.


See also: Mag-Caps side effects (in more detail)


If OVERDOSE is suspected:


Contact 1-800-222-1222 (the American Association of Poison Control Centers), your local poison control center, or emergency room immediately. Symptoms may include confusion; dizziness; flushing; loss of consciousness; muscle weakness; severe drowsiness; slow heartbeat.


Proper storage of Mag-Caps:

Store Mag-Caps at room temperature, between 68 and 77 degrees F (20 and 25 degrees C). Store away from heat, moisture, and light. Do not store in the bathroom. Keep Mag-Caps out of the reach of children and away from pets.


General information:


  • If you have any questions about Mag-Caps, please talk with your doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider.

  • Mag-Caps is to be used only by the patient for whom it is prescribed. Do not share it with other people.

  • If your symptoms do not improve or if they become worse, check with your doctor.

  • Check with your pharmacist about how to dispose of unused medicine.

This information is a summary only. It does not contain all information about Mag-Caps. If you have questions about the medicine you are taking or would like more information, check with your doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider.



Issue Date: February 1, 2012

Database Edition 12.1.1.002

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

More Mag-Caps resources


  • Mag-Caps Side Effects (in more detail)
  • Mag-Caps Use in Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
  • Mag-Caps Drug Interactions
  • Mag-Caps Support Group
  • 0 Reviews for Mag-Caps - Add your own review/rating


Compare Mag-Caps with other medications


  • Constipation
  • Duodenal Ulcer
  • GERD
  • Hypomagnesemia
  • Indigestion
  • Pathological Hypersecretory Disorder
  • Stomach Ulcer
  • Urinary Tract Stones

Cardizem LA


Generic Name: diltiazem (Oral route)

dil-TYE-a-zem

Commonly used brand name(s)

In the U.S.


  • Cardizem

  • Cardizem CD

  • Cardizem LA

  • Cartia XT

  • Dilacor XR

  • Dilt-CD

  • Diltia XT

  • Dilt-XR

  • Diltzac

  • Matzim LA

  • Taztia XT

  • Tiazac

Available Dosage Forms:


  • Capsule, Extended Release

  • Tablet, Extended Release

  • Tablet

  • Capsule, Extended Release, 24 HR

  • Capsule, Extended Release, 12 HR

Therapeutic Class: Cardiovascular Agent


Pharmacologic Class: Calcium Channel Blocker


Chemical Class: Benzothiazepine


Uses For Cardizem LA


Diltiazem is used alone or together with other medicines to treat severe chest pain (angina) or high blood pressure (hypertension). High blood pressure adds to the workload of the heart and arteries. If it continues for a long time, the heart and arteries may not function properly. This can damage the blood vessels of the brain, heart, and kidneys, resulting in a stroke, heart failure, or kidney failure. High blood pressure may also increase the risk of heart attacks. These problems may be less likely to occur if blood pressure is controlled .


Diltiazem is a calcium channel blocker. It works by affecting the movement of calcium into the cells of the heart and blood vessels. As a result, diltiazem relaxes blood vessels and increases the supply of blood and oxygen to the heart while reducing its workload .


This medicine is available only with your doctor's prescription .


Before Using Cardizem LA


In deciding to use a medicine, the risks of taking the medicine must be weighed against the good it will do. This is a decision you and your doctor will make. For this medicine, the following should be considered:


Allergies


Tell your doctor if you have ever had any unusual or allergic reaction to this medicine or any other medicines. Also tell your health care professional if you have any other types of allergies, such as to foods, dyes, preservatives, or animals. For non-prescription products, read the label or package ingredients carefully.


Pediatric


Appropriate studies have not been performed on the relationship of age to the effects of diltiazem in the pediatric population. Safety and efficacy have not been established .


Geriatric


Appropriate studies performed to date have not demonstrated geriatrics-specific problems that would limit the usefulness of diltiazem in the elderly. However, elderly patients are more likely to have age-related kidney, liver, or heart problems, which may require an adjustment in the dose for patients receiving diltiazem .


Pregnancy








Pregnancy CategoryExplanation
All TrimestersCAnimal studies have shown an adverse effect and there are no adequate studies in pregnant women OR no animal studies have been conducted and there are no adequate studies in pregnant women.

Breast Feeding


Studies in women suggest that this medication poses minimal risk to the infant when used during breastfeeding.


Interactions with Medicines


Although certain medicines should not be used together at all, in other cases two different medicines may be used together even if an interaction might occur. In these cases, your doctor may want to change the dose, or other precautions may be necessary. When you are taking this medicine, it is especially important that your healthcare professional know if you are taking any of the medicines listed below. The following interactions have been selected on the basis of their potential significance and are not necessarily all-inclusive.


Using this medicine with any of the following medicines is not recommended. Your doctor may decide not to treat you with this medication or change some of the other medicines you take.


  • Cisapride

Using this medicine with any of the following medicines is usually not recommended, but may be required in some cases. If both medicines are prescribed together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use one or both of the medicines.


  • Acebutolol

  • Alprenolol

  • Amiodarone

  • Aprepitant

  • Atazanavir

  • Atenolol

  • Atorvastatin

  • Betaxolol

  • Bevantolol

  • Bisoprolol

  • Bucindolol

  • Carteolol

  • Carvedilol

  • Celiprolol

  • Clonidine

  • Clozapine

  • Colchicine

  • Crizotinib

  • Dantrolene

  • Dilevalol

  • Dronedarone

  • Droperidol

  • Erythromycin

  • Esmolol

  • Everolimus

  • Fentanyl

  • Labetalol

  • Levobunolol

  • Lurasidone

  • Mepindolol

  • Metipranolol

  • Metoprolol

  • Nadolol

  • Nebivolol

  • Oxprenolol

  • Penbutolol

  • Pindolol

  • Propranolol

  • Ranolazine

  • Simvastatin

  • Sotalol

  • Talinolol

  • Tertatolol

  • Timolol

  • Tolvaptan

Using this medicine with any of the following medicines may cause an increased risk of certain side effects, but using both drugs may be the best treatment for you. If both medicines are prescribed together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use one or both of the medicines.


  • Alfentanil

  • Alfuzosin

  • Amlodipine

  • Aspirin

  • Buspirone

  • Carbamazepine

  • Celecoxib

  • Cilostazol

  • Cimetidine

  • Clopidogrel

  • Colestipol

  • Cyclosporine

  • Dalfopristin

  • Digitoxin

  • Digoxin

  • Dutasteride

  • Efavirenz

  • Enflurane

  • Fosaprepitant

  • Fosphenytoin

  • Guggul

  • Indinavir

  • Lithium

  • Lovastatin

  • Methylprednisolone

  • Midazolam

  • Moricizine

  • Nevirapine

  • Nifedipine

  • Phenytoin

  • Quinupristin

  • Rifampin

  • Rifapentine

  • Ritonavir

  • Sirolimus

  • St John's Wort

  • Tacrolimus

  • Triazolam

Interactions with Food/Tobacco/Alcohol


Certain medicines should not be used at or around the time of eating food or eating certain types of food since interactions may occur. Using alcohol or tobacco with certain medicines may also cause interactions to occur. The following interactions have been selected on the basis of their potential significance and are not necessarily all-inclusive.


Other Medical Problems


The presence of other medical problems may affect the use of this medicine. Make sure you tell your doctor if you have any other medical problems, especially:


  • Bowel blockage, severe or

  • Congestive heart failure—Use with caution. May make this condition worse .

  • Heart attack or

  • Heart block (type of abnormal heart rhythm, can use if have a pacemaker that works properly) or

  • Hypotension (low blood pressure), severe or

  • Lung problem (e.g., pulmonary congestion) or

  • Sick sinus syndrome (type of abnormal heart rhythm, can use if have a pacemaker that works properly)—Should not be used in patients with these conditions .

  • Kidney disease or

  • Liver disease—Use with caution. The effects of this medicine may be increased because of slower removal from the body .

Proper Use of diltiazem

This section provides information on the proper use of a number of products that contain diltiazem. It may not be specific to Cardizem LA. Please read with care.


In addition to the use of this medicine, treatment for your high blood pressure may include weight control and changes in the types of foods you eat, especially foods high in sodium. Your doctor will tell you which of these are most important for you. You should check with your doctor before changing your diet .


Many patients who have high blood pressure will not notice any signs of the problem. In fact, many may feel normal. It is very important that you take your medicine exactly as directed and that you keep your appointments with your doctor even if you feel well .


Remember that this medicine will not cure your high blood pressure, but it does help control it. You must continue to take it as directed if you expect to lower your blood pressure and keep it down. You may have to take high blood pressure medicine for the rest of your life. If high blood pressure is not treated, it can cause serious problems such as heart failure, blood vessel disease, stroke, or kidney disease .


Swallow the extended-release tablet or extended-release capsule whole. Do not open, crush, or chew it. It is best to take the extended-release capsule on an empty stomach .


Dosing


The dose of this medicine will be different for different patients. Follow your doctor's orders or the directions on the label. The following information includes only the average doses of this medicine. If your dose is different, do not change it unless your doctor tells you to do so.


The amount of medicine that you take depends on the strength of the medicine. Also, the number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and the length of time you take the medicine depend on the medical problem for which you are using the medicine.


  • For chest pain:
    • For oral dosage form (tablets):
      • Adults—At first, 30 milligrams (mg) four times a day before meals and at bedtime. Your doctor may increase your dose if needed.

      • Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor .


    • For oral dosage form (extended-release tablets):
      • Adults—At first, 180 mg once a day either in the evening or in the morning. Your doctor may increase your dose if needed.

      • Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor .


    • For oral dosage form (extended-release capsules):
      • Adults—At first, 120 mg once a day in the morning. Your doctor may increase your dose if needed.

      • Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor .



  • For high blood pressure:
    • For oral dosage form (extended-release tablets):
      • Adults—At first, 180 to 240 milligrams (mg) once a day either in the morning or at bedtime. Your doctor may increase your dose if needed.

      • Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor .


    • For oral dosage form (extended-release capsules):
      • Adults—At first, 180 to 240 mg once a day in the morning. Your doctor may increase your dose if needed.

      • Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor .



Missed Dose


If you miss a dose of this medicine, take it as soon as possible. However, if it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not double doses.


Storage


Store the medicine in a closed container at room temperature, away from heat, moisture, and direct light. Keep from freezing.


Keep out of the reach of children.


Do not keep outdated medicine or medicine no longer needed.


Ask your healthcare professional how you should dispose of any medicine you do not use.


Precautions While Using Cardizem LA


It is very important that your doctor check your progress at regular visits to make sure this medicine is working properly and to check for unwanted effects .


Low blood pressure (hypotension) may occur while taking this medicine. Check with your doctor right away if you have the following symptoms: blurred vision; confusion; severe dizziness, faintness, or lightheadedness when getting up from a lying or sitting position suddenly; sweating; or unusual tiredness or weakness .


Check with your doctor right away if you have pain or tenderness in the upper stomach; pale stools; dark urine; loss of appetite; nausea; unusual tiredness or weakness; or yellow eyes or skin. These could be symptoms of a serious liver problem .


Serious skin reactions can occur with this medicine. Check with your doctor right away if you have any of the following symptoms while taking this medicine: blistering, peeling, or loosening of the skin; chills; cough; diarrhea; itching; joint or muscle pain; red skin lesions, often with a purple center; skin rash; sore throat; sores, ulcers, or white spots in the mouth or on the lips; or unusual tiredness or weakness .


Cardizem LA Side Effects


Along with its needed effects, a medicine may cause some unwanted effects. Although not all of these side effects may occur, if they do occur they may need medical attention.


Check with your doctor immediately if any of the following side effects occur:


More common
  • Body aches or pain

  • congestion

  • cough

  • dryness or soreness of throat

  • fever

  • hoarseness

  • runny nose

  • tender or swollen glands in neck

  • trouble in swallowing

  • voice changes

Less common
  • Chest pain or discomfort

  • chills

  • diarrhea

  • difficult or labored breathing

  • feeling faint, dizzy, or lightheaded

  • feeling of warmth or heat

  • flushing or redness of skin, especially on face and neck

  • general feeling of discomfort or illness

  • headache

  • joint pain

  • loss of appetite

  • muscle aches and pains

  • nausea

  • shivering

  • shortness of breath

  • slow or irregular heartbeat

  • sore throat

  • sweating

  • swelling of hands, ankles, feet, or lower legs

  • tightness in chest

  • trouble sleeping

  • unusual tiredness or weakness

  • vomiting

  • wheezing

Incidence not known
  • Blistering, peeling, or loosening of skin

  • itching

  • large, hive-like swelling on face, eyelids, lips, tongue, throat, hands, legs, feet, or sex organs

  • no heart beat

  • red irritated eyes

  • red skin lesions, often with a purple center

  • sores, ulcers, or white spots in mouth or on lips

Some side effects may occur that usually do not need medical attention. These side effects may go away during treatment as your body adjusts to the medicine. Also, your health care professional may be able to tell you about ways to prevent or reduce some of these side effects. Check with your health care professional if any of the following side effects continue or are bothersome or if you have any questions about them:


More common
  • Sneezing

  • stuffy nose

Less common
  • Acid or sour stomach

  • belching

  • constipation

  • continuing ringing or buzzing or other unexplained noise in ears

  • degenerative disease of the joint

  • difficulty in moving

  • hearing loss

  • heartburn

  • indigestion

  • lack or loss of strength

  • muscle aching or cramping

  • muscle pains or stiffness

  • pain or tenderness around eyes and cheekbones

  • rash

  • sleeplessness

  • stomach discomfort, upset, or pain

  • swollen joints

  • unable to sleep

Incidence not known
  • Hair loss or thinning of hair

Other side effects not listed may also occur in some patients. If you notice any other effects, check with your healthcare professional.


Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

See also: Cardizem LA side effects (in more detail)



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More Cardizem LA resources


  • Cardizem LA Side Effects (in more detail)
  • Cardizem LA Use in Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
  • Drug Images
  • Cardizem LA Drug Interactions
  • Cardizem LA Support Group
  • 1 Review for Cardizem LA - Add your own review/rating


  • Cardizem LA 24-Hour Extended-Release Beads Tablets MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)

  • Cardizem LA Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Diltiazem Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Cardizem Consumer Overview

  • Cardizem MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)

  • Cardizem Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Cardizem CD Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Cardizem CD 24-Hour Sustained-Release Beads Capsules MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)

  • Cartia XT Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • DILT-CD Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Dilacor XR 24-Hour Sustained-Release Capsules MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)

  • Dilacor XR Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Dilt-XR Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Diltia XT Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Diltiazem Hydrochloride Monograph (AHFS DI)

  • Matzim LA Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Taztia XT Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Taztia XT 24-Hour Extended-Release Beads Capsules MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)

  • Tiazac Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Tiazac Consumer Overview



Compare Cardizem LA with other medications


  • Angina Pectoris Prophylaxis
  • Atrial Fibrillation
  • Atrial Flutter
  • Heart Failure
  • High Blood Pressure
  • Raynaud's Syndrome
  • Supraventricular Tachycardia

Tuesday 2 October 2012

Isoptin SR


Generic Name: verapamil (Oral route)

ver-AP-a-mil

Commonly used brand name(s)

In the U.S.


  • Calan

  • Calan SR

  • Covera-HS

  • Isoptin SR

  • Verelan

  • Verelan PM

Available Dosage Forms:


  • Tablet, Extended Release

  • Capsule, Extended Release

  • Tablet

  • Tablet, Extended Release, 24 HR

  • Capsule, Extended Release, 24 HR

Therapeutic Class: Cardiovascular Agent


Pharmacologic Class: Calcium Channel Blocker


Chemical Class: Phenylalkylamine


Uses For Isoptin SR


Verapamil is used alone or together with other medicines to treat heart rhythm problems, severe chest pain (angina), or high blood pressure (hypertension). High blood pressure adds to the workload of the heart and arteries. If it continues for a long time, the heart and arteries may not function properly. This can damage the blood vessels of the brain, heart, and kidneys, resulting in a stroke, heart failure, or kidney failure. High blood pressure may also increase the risk of heart attacks. These problems may be less likely to occur if blood pressure is controlled .


Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker. It works by affecting the movement of calcium into the cells of the heart and blood vessels. As a result, verapamil relaxes blood vessels and increases the supply of blood and oxygen to the heart while reducing its workload .


This medicine is available only with your doctor's prescription .


Before Using Isoptin SR


In deciding to use a medicine, the risks of taking the medicine must be weighed against the good it will do. This is a decision you and your doctor will make. For this medicine, the following should be considered:


Allergies


Tell your doctor if you have ever had any unusual or allergic reaction to this medicine or any other medicines. Also tell your health care professional if you have any other types of allergies, such as to foods, dyes, preservatives, or animals. For non-prescription products, read the label or package ingredients carefully.


Pediatric


Appropriate studies have not been performed on the relationship of age to the effects of verapamil in the pediatric population. Safety and efficacy have not been established .


Geriatric


Appropriate studies performed to date have not demonstrated geriatrics-specific problems that would limit the usefulness of verapamil in the elderly. However, elderly patients are more likely to have age-related heart, liver, or kidney problems which may require an adjustment of dose in patients receiving verapamil .


Pregnancy








Pregnancy CategoryExplanation
All TrimestersCAnimal studies have shown an adverse effect and there are no adequate studies in pregnant women OR no animal studies have been conducted and there are no adequate studies in pregnant women.

Breast Feeding


Studies in women suggest that this medication poses minimal risk to the infant when used during breastfeeding.


Interactions with Medicines


Although certain medicines should not be used together at all, in other cases two different medicines may be used together even if an interaction might occur. In these cases, your doctor may want to change the dose, or other precautions may be necessary. When you are taking this medicine, it is especially important that your healthcare professional know if you are taking any of the medicines listed below. The following interactions have been selected on the basis of their potential significance and are not necessarily all-inclusive.


Using this medicine with any of the following medicines is not recommended. Your doctor may decide not to treat you with this medication or change some of the other medicines you take.


  • Dofetilide

Using this medicine with any of the following medicines is usually not recommended, but may be required in some cases. If both medicines are prescribed together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use one or both of the medicines.


  • Acebutolol

  • Adenosine

  • Alprenolol

  • Amiodarone

  • Atazanavir

  • Atenolol

  • Atorvastatin

  • Betaxolol

  • Bevantolol

  • Bisoprolol

  • Bucindolol

  • Bupivacaine

  • Carteolol

  • Carvedilol

  • Celiprolol

  • Clonidine

  • Clozapine

  • Colchicine

  • Crizotinib

  • Dantrolene

  • Digoxin

  • Dilevalol

  • Dronedarone

  • Eplerenone

  • Erythromycin

  • Esmolol

  • Everolimus

  • Labetalol

  • Levobunolol

  • Lovastatin

  • Mepindolol

  • Mepivacaine

  • Metipranolol

  • Metoprolol

  • Nadolol

  • Nebivolol

  • Oxprenolol

  • Penbutolol

  • Pindolol

  • Propranolol

  • Ranolazine

  • Simvastatin

  • Sotalol

  • Talinolol

  • Tertatolol

  • Timolol

  • Tizanidine

  • Tolvaptan

Using this medicine with any of the following medicines may cause an increased risk of certain side effects, but using both drugs may be the best treatment for you. If both medicines are prescribed together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use one or both of the medicines.


  • Aspirin

  • Buspirone

  • Carbamazepine

  • Clarithromycin

  • Cyclosporine

  • Dalfopristin

  • Digitoxin

  • Dutasteride

  • Flecainide

  • Fosphenytoin

  • Indinavir

  • Itraconazole

  • Lithium

  • Midazolam

  • Nevirapine

  • Oxcarbazepine

  • Pancuronium

  • Phenobarbital

  • Phenytoin

  • Quinidine

  • Quinupristin

  • Rifapentine

  • Ritonavir

  • Sirolimus

  • St John's Wort

  • Tedisamil

  • Telithromycin

  • Tubocurarine

  • Vecuronium

Interactions with Food/Tobacco/Alcohol


Certain medicines should not be used at or around the time of eating food or eating certain types of food since interactions may occur. Using alcohol or tobacco with certain medicines may also cause interactions to occur. The following interactions have been selected on the basis of their potential significance and are not necessarily all-inclusive.


Using this medicine with any of the following may cause an increased risk of certain side effects but may be unavoidable in some cases. If used together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use this medicine, or give you special instructions about the use of food, alcohol, or tobacco.


  • Ethanol

  • Grapefruit Juice

Other Medical Problems


The presence of other medical problems may affect the use of this medicine. Make sure you tell your doctor if you have any other medical problems, especially:


  • Congestive heart failure or

  • Muscle disease (e.g., Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, myasthenia gravis) or

  • Pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs)—Use with caution. May make these conditions worse .

  • Heart block (type of abnormal heart rhythm) or

  • Heart problems (e.g., Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome) or

  • Low blood pressure (hypotension) or

  • Sick sinus syndrome (heart rhythm problem, can use if have a pacemaker that works properly)—Should not be used in patients with these conditions .

  • Kidney problems or

  • Liver problems—Use with caution. The effects may be increased because of slower removal of the medicine from the body .

Proper Use of verapamil

This section provides information on the proper use of a number of products that contain verapamil. It may not be specific to Isoptin SR. Please read with care.


In addition to the use of this medicine, treatment for your high blood pressure may include weight control and changes in the types of foods you eat, especially foods high in sodium. Your doctor will tell you which of these are most important for you. You should check with your doctor before changing your diet .


Many patients who have high blood pressure will not notice any signs of the problem. In fact, many may feel normal. It is very important that you take your medicine exactly as directed and that you keep your appointments with your doctor even if you feel well .


Remember that this medicine will not cure your high blood pressure, but it does help control it. You must continue to take it as directed if you expect to lower your blood pressure and keep it down. You may have to take high blood pressure medicine for the rest of your life. If high blood pressure is not treated, it can cause serious problems such as heart failure, blood vessel disease, stroke, or kidney disease .


Swallow the extended-release tablet whole with a full glass of water. Do not break, crush, or chew it. It is best to take this medicine with food .


If you cannot swallow the verapamil extended-release capsules, you may open it and sprinkle the pellets contained in the capsule on one tablespoon of applesauce. This mixture must be swallowed immediately with a glass of cool water. The applesauce should not be hot and should be soft enough to be swallowed without chewing. Do not chew or crush the pellets .


If you are taking the extended-release tablets, you may sometimes notice what looks like a tablet in your stool. This is the empty tablet shell that is left after the medicine has been absorbed .


Dosing


The dose of this medicine will be different for different patients. Follow your doctor's orders or the directions on the label. The following information includes only the average doses of this medicine. If your dose is different, do not change it unless your doctor tells you to do so.


The amount of medicine that you take depends on the strength of the medicine. Also, the number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and the length of time you take the medicine depend on the medical problem for which you are using the medicine.


  • For chest pain:
    • For oral dosage form (tablets):
      • Adults—The usual dose is 80 to 120 milligrams (mg) three times a day. Your doctor may adjust your dose if needed.

      • Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor .


    • For oral dosage form (extended-release tablets, 24 hr):
      • Adults—At first, 180 milligrams (mg) once daily at bedtime. Your doctor may adjust your dose if needed.

      • Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor .



  • For heart rhythm problems:
    • For oral dosage form (tablets):
      • Adults—The total usual dose is 240 to 480 milligrams (mg) divided in three or four equal doses per day.

      • Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor .



  • For high blood pressure:
    • For oral dosage form (tablets):
      • Adults—At first, 80 milligrams (mg) three times a day. Your doctor may adjust your dose if needed.

      • Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor .


    • For oral dosage form (extended-release capsules):
      • Adults—At first, 200 milligrams (mg) once daily at bedtime. Your doctor may adjust your dose if needed.

      • Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor .


    • For oral dosage form (extended-release tablets):
      • Adults—At first, 180 milligrams (mg) once daily in the morning. Your doctor may adjust your dose if needed.

      • Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor .


    • For oral dosage form (extended-release tablets, 24 hr):
      • Adults—At first, 180 milligrams (mg) once daily at bedtime. Your doctor may adjust your dose if needed.

      • Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor .



Missed Dose


If you miss a dose of this medicine, take it as soon as possible. However, if it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not double doses.


Storage


Store the medicine in a closed container at room temperature, away from heat, moisture, and direct light. Keep from freezing.


Keep out of the reach of children.


Do not keep outdated medicine or medicine no longer needed.


Ask your healthcare professional how you should dispose of any medicine you do not use.


Precautions While Using Isoptin SR


It is very important that your doctor check your progress at regular visits to make sure this medicine is working properly and to check for unwanted effects .


Low blood pressure (hypotension) may occur while taking this medicine. Check with your doctor right away if you have the following symptoms: blurred vision; confusion; severe dizziness, faintness, or lightheadedness when getting up from a lying or sitting position suddenly; sweating; or unusual tiredness or weakness .


While you are taking this medicine be careful to limit the amount of alcohol that you drink. Alcohol increases dizziness and drowsiness and also lowers blood pressure .


Isoptin SR Side Effects


Along with its needed effects, a medicine may cause some unwanted effects. Although not all of these side effects may occur, if they do occur they may need medical attention.


Check with your doctor immediately if any of the following side effects occur:


Less common
  • Blue lips and fingernails

  • blurred vision

  • burning, crawling, itching, numbness, prickling, "pins and needles", or tingling feelings

  • chest pain

  • confusion

  • coughing that sometimes produces a pink frothy sputum

  • difficult, fast, noisy breathing, sometimes with wheezing

  • dizziness, faintness, or lightheadedness when getting up from a lying or sitting position suddenly

  • increased sweating

  • lightheadedness, dizziness, or fainting

  • pale skin

  • shortness of breath

  • slow or irregular heartbeat

  • sore throat

  • sweating

  • swelling in legs and ankles

  • unusual tiredness or weakness

Rare
  • Chills

  • cold sweats

  • feeling of warmth

  • redness of the face, neck, arms and occasionally, upper chest

Some side effects may occur that usually do not need medical attention. These side effects may go away during treatment as your body adjusts to the medicine. Also, your health care professional may be able to tell you about ways to prevent or reduce some of these side effects. Check with your health care professional if any of the following side effects continue or are bothersome or if you have any questions about them:


More common
  • Difficulty having a bowel movement (stool)

  • headache

Less common
  • Acid or sour stomach

  • belching

  • difficulty in moving

  • heartburn

  • indigestion

  • joint pain

  • muscle aching or cramping

  • muscle pains or stiffness

  • nausea

  • rash

  • stomach discomfort, upset, or pain

  • trouble sleeping

  • unusual drowsiness, dullness, tiredness, weakness, or feeling of sluggishness

  • swollen joints

Other side effects not listed may also occur in some patients. If you notice any other effects, check with your healthcare professional.


Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

See also: Isoptin SR side effects (in more detail)



The information contained in the Thomson Reuters Micromedex products as delivered by Drugs.com is intended as an educational aid only. It is not intended as medical advice for individual conditions or treatment. It is not a substitute for a medical exam, nor does it replace the need for services provided by medical professionals. Talk to your doctor, nurse or pharmacist before taking any prescription or over the counter drugs (including any herbal medicines or supplements) or following any treatment or regimen. Only your doctor, nurse, or pharmacist can provide you with advice on what is safe and effective for you.


The use of the Thomson Reuters Healthcare products is at your sole risk. These products are provided "AS IS" and "as available" for use, without warranties of any kind, either express or implied. Thomson Reuters Healthcare and Drugs.com make no representation or warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, timeliness, usefulness or completeness of any of the information contained in the products. Additionally, THOMSON REUTERS HEALTHCARE MAKES NO REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE OPINIONS OR OTHER SERVICE OR DATA YOU MAY ACCESS, DOWNLOAD OR USE AS A RESULT OF USE OF THE THOMSON REUTERS HEALTHCARE PRODUCTS. ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR USE ARE HEREBY EXCLUDED. Thomson Reuters Healthcare does not assume any responsibility or risk for your use of the Thomson Reuters Healthcare products.


More Isoptin SR resources


  • Isoptin SR Side Effects (in more detail)
  • Isoptin SR Use in Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
  • Drug Images
  • Isoptin SR Drug Interactions
  • Isoptin SR Support Group
  • 0 Reviews for Isoptin SR - Add your own review/rating


  • Isoptin SR Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Isoptin SR Controlled-Release Tablets MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)

  • Isoptin SR Concise Consumer Information (Cerner Multum)

  • Verapamil Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Calan MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)

  • Calan Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Calan SR Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Covera-HS Sustained-Release Tablets (Controlled Onset) MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)

  • Covera-HS Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Isoptin Concise Consumer Information (Cerner Multum)

  • Verapamil Hydrochloride Monograph (AHFS DI)

  • Verelan Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Verelan Sustained-Release Pellet-Filled Capsules MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)

  • Verelan PM Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Verelan PM Sustained-Release Capsules Controlled Onset MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)



Compare Isoptin SR with other medications


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Urinary Tract Infection Medications


Definition of Urinary Tract Infection: A urinary tract infection, or UTI, is an infection that can happen anywhere along the urinary tract -- the kidneys, the ureters (the tubes that take urine from each kidney to the bladder), the bladder, or the urethra (the tube that empties urine from the bladder to the outside). Most commonly, infections affect the lower urinary tract (bladder and urethra), which is called cystitis. More...

Drugs associated with Urinary Tract Infection

The following drugs and medications are in some way related to, or used in the treatment of Urinary Tract Infection. This service should be used as a supplement to, and NOT a substitute for, the expertise, skill, knowledge and judgment of healthcare practitioners.

See sub-topics

Topics under Urinary Tract Infection

  • Bladder Infection (74 drugs in 4 topics)

  • Kidney Infections (65 drugs)

  • Urinary Acidification (30 drugs)

  • Urinary Alkalinization (12 drugs)

Learn more about Urinary Tract Infection





Drug List:

Sunday 30 September 2012

Cleanse and Treat Plus Pads


Pronunciation: BEN-zoe-il per-OX-ide/SAL-i-SIL-ik AS-id
Generic Name: Benzoyl Peroxide/Salicylic Acid
Brand Name: Cleanse and Treat Plus


Cleanse and Treat Plus Pads are used for:

Treating acne.


Cleanse and Treat Plus Pads are a keratolytic agent with antibacterial actions. It works by killing bacteria that cause acne. It also has mild drying and peeling activity on the skin. The emollient works by keeping the skin soft and decreasing irritation.


Do NOT use Cleanse and Treat Plus Pads if:


  • you are allergic to any ingredient in Cleanse and Treat Plus Pads

Contact your doctor or health care provider right away if any of these apply to you.



Before using Cleanse and Treat Plus Pads:


Some medical conditions may interact with Cleanse and Treat Plus Pads. Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you have any medical conditions, especially if any of the following apply to you:


  • if you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding

  • if you are taking any prescription or nonprescription medicine, herbal preparation, or dietary supplement

  • if you have allergies to medicines, foods, or other substances

Some MEDICINES MAY INTERACT with Cleanse and Treat Plus Pads. However, no specific interactions with Cleanse and Treat Plus Pads are known at this time.


Ask your health care provider if Cleanse and Treat Plus Pads may interact with other medicines that you take. Check with your health care provider before you start, stop, or change the dose of any medicine.


How to use Cleanse and Treat Plus Pads:


Use Cleanse and Treat Plus Pads as directed by your doctor. Check the label on the medicine for exact dosing instructions.


  • Wash the affected area with a mild cleanser and water before applying Cleanse and Treat Plus Pads.

  • Apply Cleanse and Treat Plus Pads and cream in this kit as directed. Cover all the affected areas.

  • Do not apply Cleanse and Treat Plus Pads to raw, inflamed, damaged, or irritated skin, including sunburns. Do not apply to open wounds.

  • Wash your hands immediately after using Cleanse and Treat Plus Pads.

  • If you miss a dose of Cleanse and Treat Plus Pads, use it as soon as possible. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not use 2 doses at once.

Ask your health care provider any questions you may have about how to use Cleanse and Treat Plus Pads.



Important safety information:


  • Cleanse and Treat Plus Pads are for use on the skin only. Do not get Cleanse and Treat Plus Pads in your eyes, on your eyelids or lips, or on the inside of your nose or mouth. If you get Cleanse and Treat Plus Pads in your eyes, rinse right away with cool tap water.

  • Avoid applying Cleanse and Treat Plus Pads to raw or irritated skin, including sunburns, or to open wounds.

  • Several weeks may pass before you see improvement in your acne. Continue to use Cleanse and Treat Plus Pads for the full time recommended by your doctor. If your acne does not improve or if it gets worse, check with your doctor.

  • Talk with your doctor before you use any other medicines, special cleansers, aftershave, or cosmetics on your skin.

  • Cleanse and Treat Plus Pads may cause you to become sunburned more easily. Avoid the sun, sunlamps, or tanning booths until you know how you react to Cleanse and Treat Plus Pads. Use a sunscreen or wear protective clothing if you must be outside for more than a short time.

  • Cleanse and Treat Plus Pads may cause bleaching. Avoid contact with hair, fabrics, or carpeting.

  • Cleanse and Treat Plus Pads has a salicylate in it. Before you start any new medicine, check the label to see if it has a salicylate in it too. If it does or if you are not sure, check with your doctor or pharmacist.

  • Cleanse and Treat Plus Pads should not be used in CHILDREN younger than 12 years old; safety and effectiveness in these children have not been confirmed.

  • PREGNANCY and BREAST-FEEDING: It is not known if Cleanse and Treat Plus Pads can cause harm to the fetus. If you become pregnant, contact your doctor. You will need to discuss the benefits and risks of using Cleanse and Treat Plus Pads while you are pregnant. It is not known if Cleanse and Treat Plus Pads are found in breast milk. If you are or will be breast-feeding while you use Cleanse and Treat Plus Pads, check with your doctor. Discuss any possible risks to your baby.


Possible side effects of Cleanse and Treat Plus Pads:


All medicines may cause side effects, but many people have no, or minor, side effects. Check with your doctor if any of these most COMMON side effects persist or become bothersome:



Dryness; feeling of warmth; mild irritation, itching, peeling, redness, or stinging.



Seek medical attention right away if any of these SEVERE side effects occur:

Severe allergic reactions (rash; hives; itching; dizziness; difficulty breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue); excessive burning, itching, irritation, peeling, redness, or tenderness of your skin; extreme dryness; swelling.



This is not a complete list of all side effects that may occur. If you have questions about side effects, contact your health care provider. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. To report side effects to the appropriate agency, please read the Guide to Reporting Problems to FDA.


See also: Cleanse and Treat Plus side effects (in more detail)


If OVERDOSE is suspected:


Contact 1-800-222-1222 (the American Association of Poison Control Centers), your local poison control center, or emergency room immediately. Symptoms may include deep or rapid breathing; excessive scaling; redness; ringing in the ears or hearing loss; severe dizziness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; swelling.


Proper storage of Cleanse and Treat Plus Pads:

Store at room temperature, between 59 and 77 degrees F (15 and 25 degrees C). Store in a tightly closed container, away from heat and light. Do not freeze. Keep Cleanse and Treat Plus Pads out of the reach of children and away from pets.


General information:


  • If you have any questions about Cleanse and Treat Plus Pads, please talk with your doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider.

  • Cleanse and Treat Plus Pads are to be used only by the patient for whom it is prescribed. Do not share it with other people.

  • If your symptoms do not improve or if they become worse, check with your doctor.

  • Check with your pharmacist about how to dispose of unused medicine.

This information is a summary only. It does not contain all information about Cleanse and Treat Plus Pads. If you have questions about the medicine you are taking or would like more information, check with your doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider.



Issue Date: February 1, 2012

Database Edition 12.1.1.002

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

More Cleanse and Treat Plus resources


  • Cleanse and Treat Plus Side Effects (in more detail)
  • Cleanse and Treat Plus Use in Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
  • Cleanse and Treat Plus Drug Interactions
  • Cleanse and Treat Plus Support Group
  • 1 Review for Cleanse and Treat Plus - Add your own review/rating


Compare Cleanse and Treat Plus with other medications


  • Acne

Friday 28 September 2012

Co-Dydramol Tablets BP





1. Name Of The Medicinal Product



Co-dydramol Tablets


2. Qualitative And Quantitative Composition










Dihydrocodeine Tartrate BP




10.0




mg




Paracetamol BP




500.0




mg



3. Pharmaceutical Form



Tablet.



4. Clinical Particulars



4.1 Therapeutic Indications



a) As an analgesic.



b) As an antitussive.



4.2 Posology And Method Of Administration



Codydramol tablets should be taken, if possible, during or after meals.



As an analgesic:



Adults and children over 12 years: 1 tablet every four hours. This may if necessary be increased to 2 tablets four times daily.



As an antitussive:



Adults and children over 12 years: 1 tablet every four hours.



Not recommended for children under 12 years.



Dosage should be reduced in the elderly.



Do not exceed 8 tablets in 24 hours.



For oral administration.



4.3 Contraindications



Respiratory depression, obstructive airway disease, allergic disorders, during an attack of asthma.



4.4 Special Warnings And Precautions For Use



Use with precaution in impaired liver function or renal disease. Reduce dosage in hypothyroidism and in chronic hepatic disease. May cause constipation, nausea, vertigo & giddiness in some patients.



The risk-benefit of continued use should be assessed regularly by the prescriber.



The leaflet will state in a prominent position in the 'before taking' section



• Do not take for longer than directed by your prescriber



• Taking codeine/dihydrocodeine (DHC) regularly for a long time can lead to addiction, which might cause you to feel restless and irritable when you stop taking the tablets.



• Taking a painkiller for headaches too often or for too long can make them worse.



The label will state (To be displayed prominently on outer pack- not boxed):



• Do not take for longer than directed by you prescriber as taking codeine/DHC regularly for a long time can lead to addiction.



4.5 Interaction With Other Medicinal Products And Other Forms Of Interaction



Additive CNS depression may occur with alcohol.



4.6 Pregnancy And Lactation



There is no evidence of safety in human pregnancy or of secretion in human milk.



4.7 Effects On Ability To Drive And Use Machines



None stated.



4.8 Undesirable Effects



Regular prolonged use of codeine/DHC is known to lead to addiction and symptoms of restlessness andirritability may result when treatment is then stopped.



Prolonged use of a pain killer for headaches can make them worse.



4.9 Overdose



Codeine



The effects in overdosage will be potentiated by simultaneous ingestion of alcohol and psychotropic drugs.



Symptoms



Central nervous system depression, including respiratory depression, may develop but is unlikely to be severe unless other sedative agents have been co-ingested, including alcohol, or the overdose is very large. The pupils may be pin-point in size; nausea and vomiting are common. Hypotension and tachycardia are possible but unlikely.



Management



This should include general symptomatic and supportive measures including a clear airway and monitoring of vital signs until stable. Consider activated charcoal if an adult presents within one hour of ingestion of more than 350 mg or a child more than 5 mg/kg.



Give naloxone if coma or respiratory depression is present. Naloxone is a competitive antagonist and has a short half-life so large and repeated doses may be required in a seriously poisoned patient. Observe for at least four hours after ingestion, or eight hours if a sustained release preparation has been taken.



Paracetamol



Liver damage is possible in adults who have taken 10g or more of paracetamol. Ingestion of 5g or more of paracetamol may lead to liver damage if the patient has risk factors (see below).



Risk Factors:



If the patient



a, Is on long term treatment with carbamazepine, phenobarbitone, phenytoin, primidone, rifampicin, St John's Wort or other drugs that induce liver enzymes.



Or



b, Regularly consumes ethanol in excess of recommended amounts.



Or



c, Is likely to be glutathione deplete e.g. eating disorders, cystic fibrosis, HIV infection, starvation, cachexia.



Symptoms



Symptoms of paracetamol overdosage in the first 24 hours are pallor, nausea, vomiting, anorexia and abdominal pain. Liver damage may become apparent 12 to 48 hours after ingestion. Abnormalities of glucose metabolism and metabolic acidosis may occur. In severe poisoning, hepatic failure may progress to encephalopathy, haemorrhage, hypoglycaemia, cerebral oedema, and death. Acute renal failure with acute tubular necrosis, strongly suggested by loin pain, haematuria and proteinuria, may develop even in the absence of severe liver damage. Cardiac arrhythmias and pancreatitis have been reported.



Management



Immediate treatment is essential in the management of paracetamol overdose. Despite a lack of significant early symptoms, patients should be referred to hospital urgently for immediate medical attention. Symptoms may be limited to nausea or vomiting and may not reflect the severity of overdose or the risk of organ damage. Management should be in accordance with established treatment guidelines, see BNF overdose section.



Treatment with activated charcoal should be considered if the overdose has been taken within 1 hour. Plasma paracetamol concentration should be measured at 4 hours or later after ingestion (earlier concentrations are unreliable). Treatment with N-acetylcysteine may be used up to 24 hours after ingestion of paracetamol, however, the maximum protective effect is obtained up to 8 hours post-ingestion. The effectiveness of the antidote declines sharply after this time. If required the patient should be given intravenous N-acetylcysteine, in line with the established dosage schedule. If vomiting is not a problem, oral methionine may be a suitable alternative for remote areas, outside hospital. Management of patients who present with serious hepatic dysfunction beyond 24h from ingestion should be discussed with the NPIS or a liver unit.



5. Pharmacological Properties



5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties



Dihydrocodeine tartrate is a potent analgesic with well defined anti-tussive properties.



Paracetamol has analgesic and anti-pyretic actions similar to those of aspirin but has no useful anti-inflammatory properties.



5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties



The pharmacokinetics of dihydrocodeine may be similar to those of codeine; they differ between subjects with normal renal function and those with chronic renal failure treated with haemodialysis.



Dihydrocodeine is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract following oral administration, and a small quantity is bound to plasma proteins. Peak levels of plasma dihydrocodeine concentration are attained in an hour following ingestion. Plasma half-life has been reported to be 3-4 hours after oral ingestion. Dihydrocodeine is metabolised in the liver by O- and N- demethylation. Dihydrocodeine and its metabolites are excreted entirely by the kidneys mainly as conjugates with glucuronic acid.



Paracetamol is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract with peak plasma concentration occurring 30 minutes to 2 hours after ingestion. It is metabolised in the liver and excreted in the urine mainly as the glucuronide and the sulphate conjugates. Less than 5% is excreted as unchanged paracetamol. The elimination half-life varies from 1 to 4 hours. Plasma-protein binding is negligible at usual therapeutic concentrations but increases with increasing concentrations. A minor hydroxylated metabolite which is usually produced in small amounts by mixed-function oxidases in liver and which is usually de-toxified by conjugation with liver glutathione may accumulate following paracetamol overdosage and may cause liver damage.



5.3 Preclinical Safety Data



Not applicable



6. Pharmaceutical Particulars



6.1 List Of Excipients



Starch, povidone (K=29/32), sodium starch glycollate, stearic acid, colloidal silicone dioxide, talc.



6.2 Incompatibilities



None stated



6.3 Shelf Life



1 year



6.4 Special Precautions For Storage



Store in a cool dry place protected from light below 25oC.



6.5 Nature And Contents Of Container



Securitainers containing 25, 50, 100, 250, 500 or 1000 tablets.



6.6 Special Precautions For Disposal And Other Handling



Not applicable



7. Marketing Authorisation Holder



Forley Generics Ltd



NLA Tower



12-16 Addiscombe Road



Croydon



CR0 0XT



United Kingdom



8. Marketing Authorisation Number(S)



PL 16201/0006



9. Date Of First Authorisation/Renewal Of The Authorisation



06/03/2009



10. Date Of Revision Of The Text



06/03/2009




Jevtana


Pronunciation: ca-BA-zi-TAX-el
Generic Name: Cabazitaxel
Brand Name: Jevtana

Low white blood cell levels have been reported in patients using Jevtana. This has resulted in severe and sometimes fatal side effects (eg, infection). Lab tests, including complete blood cell counts, will be monitored while you use Jevtana. Patients with low levels of a certain type of white blood cell (neutrophils) should not use Jevtana. Contact your doctor right away if you experience symptoms of infection (eg, fever, chills, sore throat, cough, frequent or painful urination, muscle aches).


Severe and sometimes fatal allergic reactions have occurred with the use of Jevtana. Seek medical care at once if you experience fainting; a rash; reddening of the skin; swelling of the mouth, face, or tongue; severe dizziness; wheezing; or trouble breathing. You will receive other medicines before your dose of Jevtana to help decrease the chance of an allergic reaction. Patients who have had an allergic reaction to Jevtana or to other medicines that contain polysorbate 80 should not use Jevtana.


Severe fluid retention may occur with the use of Jevtana. Contact your doctor right away if you experience swelling of the hands, ankles, or feet; sudden, unusual weight gain; trouble breathing; chest pain or tightness; fast or irregular heartbeat; or stomach swelling.





Jevtana is used for:

Treating prostate cancer in certain patients. It is used along with prednisone. It may also be used for other conditions as determined by your doctor.


Jevtana is an antineoplastic agent. It works by stopping the growth and reproduction of cancer cells in the body.


Do NOT use Jevtana if:


  • you are allergic to any ingredient in Jevtana

  • you are allergic to other medicines that contain polysorbate 80

  • you have severe liver problems

  • you have low levels of a certain type of white blood cell (neutrophils)

  • you are taking certain azole antifungals (eg, itraconazole, ketoconazole, voriconazole), carbamazepine, clarithromycin, an HIV protease inhibitor (eg, atazanavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir), nefazodone, palifermin, phenobarbital, phenytoin, a rifamycin (eg, rifabutin, rifampin, rifapentine), St. John's wort, or telithromycin

Contact your doctor or health care provider right away if any of these apply to you.



Before using Jevtana:


Some medical conditions may interact with Jevtana. Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you have any medical conditions, especially if any of the following apply to you:


  • if you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding

  • if you are taking any prescription or nonprescription medicine, herbal preparation, or dietary supplement

  • if you have allergies to medicines, foods, or other substances

  • if you have a history of liver problems, kidney problems, stomach or bowel problems, long-term infection, or infection that keeps coming back

  • if you have an infection, bone marrow problems, a weakened immune system, low white blood cell count, or you are dehydrated

Some MEDICINES MAY INTERACT with Jevtana. Tell your health care provider if you are taking any other medicines, especially any of the following:


  • Azole antifungals (eg, itraconazole, ketoconazole, voriconazole), macrolide antibiotics (eg, erythromycin, clarithromycin), HIV protease inhibitors (eg, atazanavir, indinavir, ritonavir), nefazodone, nifedipine, or telithromycin because they may increase the risk of Jevtana's side effects

  • Carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, a rifamycin (eg, rifabutin, rifampin, rifapentine), or St. John's wort because they may decrease Jevtana's effectiveness

  • Palifermin because it may increase the risk of mouth sores or inflammation

This may not be a complete list of all interactions that may occur. Ask your health care provider if Jevtana may interact with other medicines that you take. Check with your health care provider before you start, stop, or change the dose of any medicine.


How to use Jevtana:


Use Jevtana as directed by your doctor. Check the label on the medicine for exact dosing instructions.


  • An extra patient leaflet is available with Jevtana. Talk to your pharmacist if you have questions about this information.

  • Jevtana is given as an injection at your doctor's office, hospital, or clinic.

  • You will receive certain other medicines at least 30 minutes before each treatment with Jevtana. This will help decrease the chance of having an allergic reaction to Jevtana. Discuss any questions with your doctor.

  • Jevtana is used along with another medicine (prednisone). It is important to take the prednisone as recommended by your doctor. Tell your doctor if you have missed a dose of prednisone or if you have not taken it as prescribed.

  • If Jevtana comes into contact with your skin, wash it off right away with soap and water.

  • If Jevtana comes into contact with your eyes, nose, or mouth, wash right away with cool water.

  • If you miss a dose of Jevtana, contact your doctor right away.

Ask your health care provider any questions you may have about how to use Jevtana.



Important safety information:


  • Jevtana may cause dizziness. This effect may be worse if you take it with alcohol or certain medicines. Use Jevtana with caution. Do not drive or perform other possibly unsafe tasks until you know how you react to it.

  • Jevtana may lower the ability of your body to fight infection. Avoid contact with people who have colds or infections. Take your temperature on a regular basis. Tell your doctor if you notice signs of infection like fever, sore throat, rash, or chills.

  • Jevtana may reduce the number of clot-forming cells (platelets) in your blood. Avoid activities that may cause bruising or injury. Tell your doctor if you have unusual bruising or bleeding. Tell your doctor if you have dark, tarry, or bloody stools.

  • Tell your doctor or nurse if you develop joint pain. They may be able to suggest ways to make you more comfortable.

  • If vomiting or diarrhea occurs, you will need to take care not to become dehydrated. Contact your doctor for instructions.

  • Severe diarrhea and vomiting may occur with Jevtana. If not treated, this may cause severe and sometimes fatal fluid and electrolyte (eg, potassium, sodium) problems. Contact your doctor if you have severe diarrhea or vomiting. You may need to take an anti-diarrhea medicine, an anti-nausea medicine, fluids, or electrolyte replacements.

  • Jevtana may cause severe and sometimes fatal kidney problems. Tell your doctor right away if you experience symptoms of kidney problems (eg, decreased amount of urine produced, swelling of the face or body).

  • Do not receive a live vaccine (eg, measles, mumps) while you are taking Jevtana. Talk with your doctor before you receive any vaccine.

  • Women who are able to become pregnant should use an effective form of birth control while using Jevtana. Discuss with your doctor any questions you may have about effective birth control.

  • Lab tests, including complete blood cell counts and platelet counts, may be performed while you use Jevtana. These tests may be used to monitor your condition or check for side effects. Be sure to keep all doctor and lab appointments.

  • Use Jevtana with caution in the ELDERLY; they may be more sensitive to its effects, especially low white blood cell levels, dehydration, dizziness, fatigue, fever, increased or painful urination, or weakness.

  • Jevtana should be used with extreme caution in CHILDREN; safety and effectiveness in children have not been confirmed.

  • PREGNANCY and BREAST-FEEDING: Jevtana may cause harm to the fetus. Do not become pregnant while you are using it. If you think you may be pregnant, contact your doctor. You will need to discuss the benefits and risks of using Jevtana while you are pregnant. It is not known if Jevtana is found in breast milk. Do not breast-feed while taking Jevtana.


Possible side effects of Jevtana:


All medicines may cause side effects, but many people have no, or minor, side effects. Check with your doctor if any of these most COMMON side effects persist or become bothersome:



Back pain; constipation; diarrhea; dizziness; fatigue; hair loss; indigestion; joint pain; loss of appetite; mild pain, swelling, or redness at the injection site; mild weight loss; muscle spasms; nausea; numbness, tingling, or burning in the hands or feet; taste changes; stomach pain; vomiting; weakness or tiredness.



Seek medical attention right away if any of these SEVERE side effects occur:

Severe allergic reactions (rash; hives; itching; difficulty breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue); blood in the urine; fainting; fast, slow, or irregular heartbeat; mouth sores or inflammation; severe or persistent dizziness or headache; severe or persistent nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or stomach pain; severe or persistent weakness or tiredness; severe or persistent weight loss; shortness of breath; symptoms of bleeding in the brain (eg, confusion, one-sided weakness, vision problems, slurred speech); symptoms of dehydration (eg, very dry skin, mouth, or eyes; weakness; increased thirst; fast or irregular heartbeat); symptoms of infection (eg, fever, chills, sore throat, cough, increased or painful urination, muscle aches, swollen lymph glands); symptoms of kidney problems (eg, decreased amount of urine produced; swelling of the face, hands, feet, ankles, or other parts of the body); unusual bruising or bleeding; wheezing.



This is not a complete list of all side effects that may occur. If you have questions about side effects, contact your health care provider. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. To report side effects to the appropriate agency, please read the Guide to Reporting Problems to FDA.


See also: Jevtana side effects (in more detail)


If OVERDOSE is suspected:


Contact 1-800-222-1222 (the American Association of Poison Control Centers), your local poison control center, or emergency room immediately. Symptoms may include fever, chills, sore throat, or cough; severe or persistent nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea; unusual bruising or bleeding.


Proper storage of Jevtana:

Jevtana is usually handled and stored by a health care provider. If you are using Jevtana at home, store Jevtana as directed by your pharmacist or health care provider. Keep Jevtana out of the reach of children and away from pets.


General information:


  • If you have any questions about Jevtana, please talk with your doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider.

  • Jevtana is to be used only by the patient for whom it is prescribed. Do not share it with other people.

  • If your symptoms do not improve or if they become worse, check with your doctor.

  • Check with your pharmacist about how to dispose of unused medicine.

This information is a summary only. It does not contain all information about Jevtana. If you have questions about the medicine you are taking or would like more information, check with your doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider.



Issue Date: February 1, 2012

Database Edition 12.1.1.002

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

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Thursday 27 September 2012

Mirtazapine 30mg Tablets (Aurobindo Pharma Ltd)





1. Name Of The Medicinal Product



Mirtazapine 30 mg tablets


2. Qualitative And Quantitative Composition



Each film coated tablet contains Mirtazapine 30 mg.



For a full list of excipients, see Section 6.1



3. Pharmaceutical Form



Film coated Tablet (tablet)



Mirtazapine 30 mg tablets are Reddish Brown, biconvex, capsule shaped, film coated tablets with a score line in between 0 and 9 debossed on one side and 'A' on the other side



The tablet can be divided into equal halves.



4. Clinical Particulars



4.1 Therapeutic Indications



Treatment of episodes of major depression.



4.2 Posology And Method Of Administration



ADULTS



The effective daily dose is usually between 15 and 45 mg; the starting dose is 15 or 30 mg.



Mirtazapine begins to exert its effect in general after 1-2 weeks of treatment. Treatment with an adequate dose should result in a positive response within 2-4 weeks. With an insufficient response, the dose can be increased up to the maximum dose. If there is no response within a further 2-4 weeks, then treatment should be stopped.



ELDERLY



The recommended dose is the same as that for adults. In elderly patients an increase in dosing should be done under close supervision to elicit a satisfactory and safe response.



CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS UNDER THE AGE OF 18 YEARS



Mirtazapine should not be used in children and adolescents under the age of 18 years as efficacy was not demonstrated in two short-term clinical trials (see section 5.1) and because of safety concerns (see sections 4.4, 4.8 and 5.1)



RENAL IMPAIRMENT



The clearance of mirtazapine may be decreased in patients with moderate to severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance <40 ml/min). This should be taken into account when prescribing Mirtazapine to this category of patients (see section 4.4).



HEPATIC IMPAIRMENT



The clearance of mirtazapine may be decreased in patients with hepatic impairment. This should be taken into account when prescribing Mirtazapine to this category of patients, particularly with severe hepatic impairment, as patients with severe hepatic impairment have not been investigated (see section 4.4).



Mirtazapine has an elimination half-life of 20-40 hours and therefore Mirtazapine is suitable for once daily administration. It should be taken preferably as a single night-time dose before going to bed. Mirtazapine may also be given in two divided doses (once in the morning and once at night-time, the higher dose should be taken at night).



The tablets should be taken orally, with fluid, and swallowed without chewing.



Patients with depression should be treated for a sufficient period of at least 6 months to ensure that they are free from symptoms.



It is recommended to discontinue treatment with mirtazapine gradually to avoid withdrawal symptoms (see section 4.4).



4.3 Contraindications



Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients.



Concomitant use of mirtazapine with monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors (see section 4.5).



4.4 Special Warnings And Precautions For Use



Use in children and adolescents under 18 years of age



Mirtazapine should not be used in the treatment of children and adolescents under the age of 18 years. Suicide-related behaviours (suicide attempt and suicidal thoughts), and hostility (predominantly aggression, oppositional behaviour and anger) were more frequently observed in clinical trials among children and adolescents treated with antidepressants compared to those treated with placebo. If, based on clinical need, a decision to treat is nevertheless taken, the patient should be carefully monitored for the appearance of suicidal symptoms. In addition, long-term safety data in children and adolescents concerning growth, maturation and cognitive and behavioural development are lacking.



Suicide/suicidal thoughts or clinical worsening



Depression is associated with an increased risk of suicidal thoughts, self harm and suicide (suicide related events). This risk persists until significant remission occurs. As improvement may not occur during the first few weeks or more of treatment, patients should be closely monitored until such improvement occurs. It is general clinical experience that the risk of suicide may increase in the early stages of recovery.



Patients with a history of suicide-related events or those exhibiting a significant degree of suicidal ideation prior to commencement of treatment are known to be at greater risk of suicidal thoughts or suicide attempts, and should receive careful monitoring during treatment. A meta-analysis of placebocontrolled clinical trials of antidepressants in adult patients with psychiatric disorders showed an increased risk of suicidal behaviour with antidepressants compared to placebo in patients less than 25 years old.



Close supervision of patients and in particular those at high risk should accompany therapy with antidepressants especially in early treatment and following dose changes. Patients (and caregivers of patients) should be alerted about the need to monitor for any clinical worsening, suicidal behaviour or thoughts and unusual changes in behaviour and to seek medical advice immediately if these symptoms present.



With regard to the chance of suicide, in particular at the beginning of treatment, only a limited number of Mirtazapine film-coated tablets should be given to the patient.



Bone marrow depression



Bone marrow depression, usually presenting as granulocytopenia or agranulocytosis, has been reported during treatment with Mirtazapine. Reversible agranulocytosis has been reported as a rare occurrence in clinical studies with Mirtazapine. In the postmarketing period with Mirtazapine very rare cases of agranulocytosis have been reported, mostly reversible, but in some cases fatal. Fatal cases mostly concerned patients with an age above 65. The physician should be alert for symptoms like fever, sore throat, stomatitis or other signs of infection; when such symptoms occur, treatment should be stopped and blood counts taken.



Jaundice



Treatment should be discontinued if jaundice occurs.



Conditions which need supervision



Careful dosing as well as regular and close monitoring is necessary in patients with:



– epilepsy and organic brain syndrome: Although clinical experience indicates that epileptic seizures are rare during mirtazapine treatment, as with other antidepressants, Mirtazapine should be introduced cautiously in patients who have a history of seizures. Treatment should be discontinued in any patient who develops seizures, or where there is an increase in seizure frequency



– hepatic impairment: Following a single 15 mg oral dose of mirtazapine, the clearance of mirtazapine was approximately 35 % decreased in mild to moderate hepatically impaired patients, compared to subjects with normal hepatic function. The average plasma concentration of mirtazapine was about 55 % increased.



– renal impairment: Following a single 15 mg oral dose of mirtazapine, in patients with moderate (creatinine clearance 40 ml/min) and severe (creatinine clearance



– cardiac diseases like conduction disturbances, angina pectoris and recent myocardial infarction, where normal precautions should be taken and concomitant medicines carefully administered.



– low blood pressure.



– diabetes mellitus: In patients with diabetes, antidepressants may alter glycaemic control. Insulin and/or oral hypoglycaemic dosage may need to be adjusted and close monitoring is recommended.



Like with other antidepressants, the following should be taken into account:



– Worsening of psychotic symptoms can occur when antidepressants are administered to patients with schizophrenia or other psychotic disturbances; paranoid thoughts can be intensified.



– When the depressive phase of bipolar disorder is being treated, it can transform into the manic phase. Patients with a history of mania/hypomania should be closely monitored. Mirtazapine should be discontinued in any patient entering a manic phase.



– Although Mirtazapine is not addictive, post-marketing experience shows that abrupt termination of treatment after long term administration may sometimes result in withdrawal symptoms. The majority of withdrawal reactions are mild and self-limiting. Among the various reported withdrawal symptoms, dizziness, agitation, anxiety, headache and nausea are the most frequently reported. Even though they have been reported as withdrawal symptoms, it should be realized that these symptoms may be related to the underlying disease. As advised in section 4.2, it is recommended to discontinue treatment with mirtazapine gradually.



– Care should be taken in patients with micturition disturbances like prostate hypertrophy and in patients with acute narrow-angle glaucoma and increased intra-ocular pressure (although there is little chance of problems with Mirtazapine because of its very weak anticholinergic activity).



– Akathisia/psychomotor restlessness: The use of antidepressants have been associated with the development of akathisia, characterised by a subjectively unpleasant or distressing restlessness and need to move often accompanied by an inability to sit or stand still. This is most likely to occur within the first few weeks of treatment. In patients who develop these symptoms, increasing the dose may be detrimental.



Hyponatraemia



Hyponatraemia, probably due to inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), has been reported very rarely with the use of mirtazapine. Caution should be exercised in patients at risk, such as elderly patients or patients concomitantly treated with medications known to cause hyponatraemia.



Serotonin syndrome



Interaction with serotonergic active substances: serotonin syndrome may occur when selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are used concomitantly with other serotonergic active substances (see section 4.5). Symptoms of serotonin syndrome may be hyperthermia, rigidity, myoclonus, autonomic instability with possible rapid fluctuations of vital signs, mental status changes that include confusion, irritability and extreme agitation progressing to delirium and coma. From post marketing experience it appears that serotonin syndrome occurs very rarely in patients treated with Mirtazapine alone (see section 4.8).



Elderly patients



Elderly patients are often more sensitive, especially with regard to the undesirable effects of antidepressants. During clinical research with Mirtazapine, undesirable effects have not been reported more often in elderly patients than in other age groups.



Lactose



This medicinal product contains lactose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.



4.5 Interaction With Other Medicinal Products And Other Forms Of Interaction



Pharmacodynamic interactions



- Mirtazapine should not be administered concomitantly with MAO inhibitors or within two weeks after discontinuation of MAO inhibitor therapy. In the opposite way about two weeks should pass before patients treated with mirtazapine should be treated with MAO inhibitors (see section 4.3). In addition, as with SSRIs, co-administration with other serotonergic active substances (Ltryptophan, triptans, tramadol, linezolid, SSRIs, venlafaxine, lithium and St. John's Wort – Hypericum perforatum – preparations) may lead to an incidence of serotonin associated effects (serotonin syndrome: see section 4.4). Caution should be advised and a closer clinical monitoring is required when these active substances are combined with mirtazapine.



- Mirtazapine may increase the sedating properties of benzodiazepines and other sedatives (notably most antipsychotics, antihistamine H1 antagonists, opioids). Caution should be exercised when these medicinal products are prescribed together with mirtazapine.



- Mirtazapine may increase the CNS depressant effect of alcohol. Patients should therefore be advised to avoid alcoholic beverages while taking mirtazapine.



- Mirtazapine dosed at 30 mg once daily caused a small but statistically significant increase in the international normalized ratio (INR) in subjects treated with warfarin. As at a higher dose of mirtazapine a more pronounced effect can not be excluded, it is advisable to monitor the INR in case of concomitant treatment of warfarin with mirtazapine.



Pharmacokinetic interactions



- Carbamazepine and phenytoin, CYP3A4 inducers, increased mirtazapine clearance about twofold, resulting in a decrease in average plasma mirtazapine concentration of 60 % and 45 %, respectively. When carbamazepine or any other inducer of hepatic metabolism (such as rifampicin) is added to mirtazapine therapy, the mirtazapine dose may have to be increased. If treatment with such medicinal product is discontinued, it may be necessary to reduce the mirtazapine dose.



- Co-administration of the potent CYP3A4 inhibitor ketoconazole increased the peak plasma levels and the AUC of mirtazapine by approximately 40 % and 50 % respectively.



- When cimetidine (weak inhibitor of CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4) is administered with mirtazapine, the mean plasma concentration of mirtazapine may increase more than 50 %. Caution should be exercised and the dose may have to be decreased when co-administering mirtazapine with potent CYP3A4 inhibitors, HIV protease inhibitors, azole antifungals, erythromycin, cimetidine or nefazodone.



- Interaction studies did not indicate any relevant pharmacokinetic effects on concurrent treatment of mirtazapine with paroxetine, amitriptyline, risperidone or lithium.



4.6 Pregnancy And Lactation



Limited data of the use of mirtazapine in pregnant women do not indicate an increased risk for congenital malformations. Studies in animals have not shown any teratogenic effects of clinical relevance, however developmental toxicity has been observed (see section 5.3). Caution should be exercised when prescribing to pregnant women. If Mirtazapine is used until, or shortly before birth, postnatal monitoring of the newborn is recommended to account for possible discontinuation effects.



Epidemiological data have suggested that the use of SSRIs in pregnancy, particularly in late pregnancy, may increase the risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension in the newborn (PPHN). Although no studies have investigated the association of PPHN to mirtazapine treatment, this potential risk cannot be ruled out taking into account the related mechanism of action (increase in serotonin concentrations).



Animal studies and limited human data have shown excretion of mirtazapine in breast milk only in very small amounts. A decision on whether to continue/discontinue breast-feeding or to continue/discontinue therapy with Mirtazapine should be made taking into account the benefit of breastfeeding to the child and the benefit of Mirtazapine therapy to the woman.



4.7 Effects On Ability To Drive And Use Machines



Mirtazapine has minor or moderate influence on the ability to drive and use machines. Mirtazapine may impair concentration and alertness (particularly in the initial phase of treatment). Patients should avoid the performance of potentially dangerous tasks, which require alertness and good concentration, such as driving a motor vehicle or operating machinery, at any time when affected.



4.8 Undesirable Effects



Depressed patients display a number of symptoms that are associated with the illness itself. It is therefore sometimes difficult to ascertain which symptoms are a result of the illness itself and which are a result of treatment with Mirtazapine.



The most commonly reported adverse reactions, occurring in more than 5 % of patients treated with Mirtazapine in randomized placebo-controlled trials (see below) are somnolence, sedation, dry mouth, weight increased, increase in appetite, dizziness and fatigue.



All randomized placebo-controlled trials in patients (including indications other than major depressive disorder), have been evaluated for adverse reactions of Mirtazapine. The meta-analysis considered 20 trials, with a planned duration of treatment up to 12 weeks, with 1501 patients (134 person years) receiving doses of mirtazapine up to 60 mg and 850 patients (79 person years) receiving placebo. Extension phases of these trials have been excluded to maintain comparability to placebo treatment.



Table 1 shows the categorized incidence of the adverse reactions, which occurred in the clinical trials statistically significantly more frequently during treatment with Mirtazapine than with placebo, added with adverse reactions from spontaneous reporting. The frequencies of the adverse reactions from spontaneous reporting are based on the reporting rate of these events in the clinical trials. The frequency of adverse reactions from spontaneous reporting for which no cases in the randomized placebo-controlled patient trials were observed with mirtazapine has been classified as 'not known'.


















































































System organ class




Very common



(




Common



(




Uncommon



(




Rare



(




Frequency not known




Investigations




• Weight increased1



 

 

 

 


Blood and the lymphatic system disorders



 

 

 

 


• Bone marrow depression (granulocytopenia, agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia thrombocytopenia)



• Eosinophilia




Nervous system disorders




• Somnolence1, 4



• Sedation1, 4



• Headache2




• Lethargy1



• Dizziness



• Tremor




• Paraesthesia2



• Restless legs



• Syncope




• Myoclonus




• Convulsions (insults)



• Serotonin syndrome



• Oral paraesthesia




Gastrointestinal disorders




• Dry mouth




• Nausea3



• Diarrhea2



• Vomiting2




• Oral hypoaesthesia



 


• Mouth oedema




Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders



 


• Exanthema2



 

 

 


Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders



 


• Arthralgia



• Myalgia



• Back pain1



 

 

 


Metabolism and nutrition disorders




• Increase in appetite1



 

 

 


• Hyponatraemia




Vascular disorders



 


• Orthostatic hypotension




• Hypotension2



 

 


General disorders and administration site conditions



 


• Oedema peripheral1



• Fatigue



 

 

 


Hepatobiliary disorders



 

 

 


• Elevations in serum transaminase activities



 


Psychiatric disorders



 


• Abnormal dreams



• Confusion



• Anxiety2, 5



• Insomnia3, 5




• Nightmares2



• Mania



• Agitation2



Hallucinations



Psychomotor restlessness (incl. akathisia, hyperkinesia)



 


• Suicidal ideation6



• Suicidal behaviour6




Endocrine disorders



 

 

 

 


• Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion



1 In clinical trials these events occurred statistically significantly more frequently during treatment with Mirtazapine than with placebo.



2 In clinical trials these events occurred more frequently during treatment with placebo than with Mirtazapine, however not statistically significantly more frequently.



3 In clinical trials these events occurred statistically significantly more frequently during treatment with placebo than with Mirtazapine.



4 N.B. dose reduction generally does not lead to less somnolence/sedation but can jeopardize antidepressant efficacy.



5 Upon treatment with antidepressants in general, anxiety and insomnia (which may be symptoms of depression) can develop or become aggravated. Under mirtazapine treatment, development or aggravation of anxiety and insomnia has been reported.



6 Cases of suicidal ideation and suicidal behaviours have been reported during mirtazapine therapy or early after treatment discontinuation (see section 4.4).



In laboratory evaluations in clinical trials transient increases in transaminases and gammaglutamyltransferase have been observed (however associated adverse events have not been reported statistically significantly more frequently with Mirtazapine than with placebo).



Paediatric population:



The following adverse events were observed commonly in clinical trials in children: weight gain, urticaria and hypertriglyceridaemia (see also section 5.1).



4.9 Overdose



Present experience concerning overdose with Mirtazapine alone indicates that symptoms are usually mild. Depression of the central nervous system with disorientation and prolonged sedation have been reported, together with tachycardia and mild hyper- or hypotension. However, there is a possibility of more serious outcomes (including fatalities) at dosages much higher than the therapeutic dose, especially with mixed overdoses.



Cases of overdose should receive appropriate symptomatic and supportive therapy for vital functions. Activated charcoal or gastric lavage should also be considered.



5. Pharmacological Properties



5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties



Pharmacotherapeutic group: other antidepressants, ATC code: N06AX11



Mirtazapine is a centrally active presynaptic α2-antagonist, which increases central noradrenergic and serotonergic neurotransmission. The enhancement of serotonergic neurotransmission is specifically mediated via 5-HT1 receptors, because 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 receptors are blocked by mirtazapine. Both enantiomers of mirtazapine are presumed to contribute to the antidepressant activity, the S(+) enantiomer by blocking α2 and 5-HT2 receptors and the R(-) enantiomer by blocking 5-HT3 receptors.



The histamine H1-antagonistic activity of mirtazapine is associated with its sedative properties. It has practically no anticholinergic activity and, at therapeutic doses, has practically no effect on the cardiovascular system.



Paediatric population:



Two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials in children aged between 7 and 18 years with major depressive disorder (n=259) using a flexible dose for the first 4 weeks (15-45mg mirtazapine) followed by a fixed dose (15, 30 or 45 mg mirtazapine) for another 4 weeks failed to demonstrate significant differences between mirtazapine and placebo on the primary and all secondary endpoints. Significant weight gain (



5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties



After oral administration of Mirtazapine, the active substance mirtazapine is rapidly and well absorbed (bioavailability ≈50 %), reaching peak plasma levels after approx. two hours. Binding of mirtazapine to plasma proteins is approx. 85 %. The mean half-life of elimination is 20-40 hours; longer half-lives, up to 65 hours, have occasionally been recorded and shorter half-lives have been seen in young men. The half-life of elimination is sufficient to justify once-a-day dosing. Steady state is reached after 3-4 days, after which there is no further accumulation. Mirtazapine displays linear pharmacokinetics within the recommended dose range. Food intake has no influence on the pharmacokinetics of mirtazapine.



Mirtazapine is extensively metabolised and eliminated via the urine and faeces within a few days. Major pathways of biotransformation are demethylation and oxidation, followed by conjugation. In vitro data from human liver microsomes indicate that cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP2D6 and CYP1A2 are involved in the formation of the 8-hydroxy metabolite of mirtazapine, whereas CYP3A4 is considered to be responsible for the formation of the N-demethyl and N-oxide metabolites. The demethyl metabolite is pharmacologically active and appears to have the same pharmacokinetic profile as the parent compound.



The clearance of mirtazapine may be decreased as a result of renal or hepatic impairment.



5.3 Preclinical Safety Data



Preclinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology, repeated dose toxicity, carcinogenicity or genotoxicity.



In reproductive toxicity studies in rats and rabbits no teratogenic effects were observed. At two-fold systemic exposure compared to maximum human therapeutic exposure, there was an increase in postimplantation loss, decrease in the pup birth weights, and reduction in pup survival during the first three days of lactation in rats.



Mirtazapine was not genotoxic in a series of tests for gene mutation and chromosomal and DNA damage. Thyroid gland tumours found in a rat carcinogenicity study and hepatocellular neoplasms found in a mouse carcinogenicity study are considered to be species-specific, non-genotoxic responses associated with long-term treatment with high doses of hepatic enzyme inducers.



6. Pharmaceutical Particulars



6.1 List Of Excipients



Mirtazapine 30 mg tablets contain



Core:



Lactose monohydrate, Maize starch, Low substituted Hydroxypropyl Cellulose, Magnesium Stearate (E470b) and Silica Colloidal anhydrous



Film Coating:



Hypromellose (E464), Titanium dioxide (E 171) Yellow Iron oxide (E172), Red Iron oxide (E172) and Black Iron oxide (E172).



6.2 Incompatibilities



Not applicable.



6.3 Shelf Life



3 years.



6.4 Special Precautions For Storage



This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions.



6.5 Nature And Contents Of Container



Blister packs comprising of 250 µ PVC coated with 60 gsm PVdC & 25 µ aluminium foil.



10/14/28/30/40/50/56/60/70/84/90/100/200/250/500 tablets.



Not all pack sizes may be marketed.



6.6 Special Precautions For Disposal And Other Handling



Any unused product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements



7. Marketing Authorisation Holder



Aurobindo Pharma Limited,



Ares, Odyssey Business Park,



West End Road, South Ruislip



HA4 6QD, United Kingdom.



Tel: +44 20 8845 8811.



Fax: +44 20 8845 8795.



8. Marketing Authorisation Number(S)



PL 20532/0019



9. Date Of First Authorisation/Renewal Of The Authorisation



31/07/2006



10. Date Of Revision Of The Text



11/11/2010